Fraud And Cyber Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fraud And Cyber Terrorism - Research Paper Example Fraud prevention includes acts such as scheming corporate fraud policies, introducing internal audit departments, implementing internal controls and whistle-blower systems. The strategic method of fraud is an efficient technique to detect and illustrate both known and unidentified frauds. When implemented proactively to identify unknown fraud, it depicts laser-like precision that allows for much more efficient investigation. (Sanjay Goel. 2010). Cyber terrorism threat Cyber terrorism is the act of illegally accessing computers and information chiefly via the internet to create physical harm or severe disturbance of infrastructure. Cyber terrorism could scholarly be defined as â€Å"The premeditated use of disruptive activities, or the threat thereof, against computers and/or networks, with the intention to cause harm or further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives.† Efforts of dealing with cyber terrorism Agencies that deal with fraud such as Interpol and the FBI are doing a great job in fighting against cyber terrorism. Interpol in its part is assisting all the member countries and training their personnel to equip themselves with the current trends and forms of fighting cyber terrorism. The Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime, which is the first international treaty for fighting against computer crime, is the product of a 4 years work by experts from the 45 member and non-member states that include Japan, USA and Canada. The treaty has already imposed after its endorsement by Lithuania on 21st of March 2004. (Achkoski, J., & Dojchinovski, M. 2011) How to try to avoid cyber terrorism With the ever changing trends in the cyber technology sector, there are no foolproof methods to protect a system. To say that you have a completely secure system, then it means that it can never be accessed by anyone. Even in most military set up, top secret information is kept on servers with no outside connection as a form of deterrence of cyber terrorism. Another common way that cyber terrorism can be avoided apart from such isolation is encryption. The wide spread use of encryption is repressed by most states ban on its exportation thus its intercontinental communication is left somewhat unsecured. (Kapodistria, H., & Christos D. 2011) Other internet users tend to encourage the use of firewalls to screen all communications to a system including e-mail messages, which may carry â€Å"logic bombs.† Firewall is a somewhat generic phrase for methods of filtering admittance to a network. Firewalls tend to define the services and access that is allowed to each user. Judicial repercussions on cyber threats   Since the Internet "is a cooperative venture not owned by a single entity or government, there are no centralized rules or laws governing its use?† The lack of geographical restrictions may give rise to a state of affairs where an act that may be deemed legal in one country turns out to be illegal in the other. (Jewkes, Y., & Yar, M. 2010). In general, most internet users tend to relate to the following "theories" under which a country may assert regulatory jurisdiction: (a) A country may assert jurisdiction based on "objective territoriality" when an illegal activity occurs within the country. (b) A country may assert jurisdiction based on the nationality of the wrong doer. (c) A country may assert jurisdiction based on the right to defend the nation's sovereignty when faced with terrorization acknowledged as serious in the international community. Conclusion The predicament of cyber terrorism and fraud is involves many

Art is fun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art is fun - Essay Example This shows that art is undergoing a transformation into a multicultural platform where parties involved are sensitive to each other’s cultural issues. The distinctive observation about Donald Morgan’s work of art is that the artifacts he creates and displays around the world are culture sensitive. The artifacts he creates are based on forest imagery, objects that are familiar to individuals from all cultures. Therefore, Donald Morgan’s work is multicultural and serves to bring individuals together from various cultures in appreciating common works of art. The main focus of Donald Morgan’s multimedia presentation is the notion of manifesting diversity. The forest imagery that the presentation depicts ranges from natural to artificial objects and living to non-living objects (University of Oregon, uoregon.edu). This forest diversity represents the cultural diversity that characterizes the peoples of the world. Morgan depicts his art both through paintings an d sculptures. This serves to emphasize the concept of diversity further by utilizing diverse artistic techniques. A distinctive observation concerning Barminski’s multimedia presentation is that he employs diverse artistic techniques, which put across his message concerning gun culture. He uses sculptures as well as photos and drawings. Therefore, his artwork portrays diversity (Barminski, Barminski.com). Both Morgan’s multimedia presentation and Coco’s performances make me feel that different people are becoming more tolerant of each other’s differences than ever before. I feel there is a realization among people all over the world that their different cultures, beliefs, and lifestyles are not significant enough to compromise their relations with each other. For example, Coco writes that a white visitor to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago was shocked to see Coco and Guillermo put in a cage like animals. Thinking they were not performing but were real aborigines, he was astonished to see people put in a cage for display to the public (Gablik, 313). This occurrence serves as a testament to the fact that western attitudes regarding cultural equality have changed significantly since several years ago, when western people used to believe their culture is superior to the rest of the world’s cultures. The performances of Coco and Guillermo had a significant impact in furthering the cause of artists of color of achieving greater representation in the world of art. However, some of the methods the two performers used to achieve their aims were unorthodox. In particular, the instant whereby the two performers mislead city officials in Spain to believe that their performance was just street entertainment in order to receive their permission was quite irresponsible of them (Gablik, 326). Their decision to downplay the political aspect of their performance almost put the city officials in trouble with their seniors. The two should have conducted all their activities with honesty and integrity. Their lack of integrity undermined the cause for which they were fighting. Donald Morgan’s multimedia presentation displayed a high degree of creativity which I found very impressive. His focus on forest imagery is quite revolutionary